Apoptosis = Bax/Bak (pro), Bcl-2 (anti). No inflammation in apoptosis.

CML = t(9;22) BCR-ABL. AML = Auer rods. CLL = Smudge cells.

p53 = Guardian of genome. Rb = Retinoblastoma.

Minimal change disease = Podocyte effacement, kids.

IL-1 = fever. TNF-alpha = shock. IL-6 = acute phase. Bradykinin = pain.

Type I = IgE (anaphylaxis). Type II = IgG/IgM. Type III = immune complex. Type IV = T-cell.

Virchow's triad: stasis, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability.

Alcoholic liver: fatty liver→hepatitis→cirrhosis. Mallory bodies = damaged keratin.

Nephritic = RBC casts. Nephrotic = fatty casts. IgA = most common GN worldwide.

AL = primary (light chains). AA = secondary (chronic inflammation). Congo red = apple-green birefringence.

Asbestosis = ferruginous bodies, mesothelioma. Silicosis = egg-shell calcification.

Down syndrome = trisomy 21 (47,XY+21). Turner = 45,XO (short female, shield chest).